²Ä¤@¸`
»y¨¥Àô¹Ò»P»y¤å¯à¤O
¡@¡@»´ä¾Ç¥Íªº»y¤å¤ô¥±`¬°¤H¸á¯f¡A«ü¥L̳s¤@¥y³q¶¶ªº¥y¤l¤]¼g¤£¥X¡A¯à¼g³q¶¶¤å³¹ªº«h§ó¤Ö¡A¦bŪ¡B¼g¡BÁ¿¡BÅ¥¥|¶µ»y¤å¯à¤OùØ¡A¡u¼g¡vªº¤ô¥³Ì§C¡C¨ä¹ê³o±¡ªp¤£¬O»´ä¿W¦³¡A¥@¬É¦U°ê¤]¦P¼Ë±¹ï³o¼Ëªº°ÝÃD¡C¦³¤HÂk©S¬O²{¥N«C¤Ö¦~ªº¥Í¬¡¤Î®T¼Ö²ßºD¨ÏµM¡C
¡@¡@²{¥NªÀ·|·U¨Ó·U¦h¨Ï¥Î¹Ï¹³ªí·N¡A³\¦h¤½¦@³]¬I³£¥H¹Ï¹³§@¬°«ü¥Ü¤è¦¡¡F¥t¥~¡A«Ü¦h²£«~¤¶²Ð©M«Å¶Ç¦L¨ê«~¤]¦h¥Î¹Ï¹³¨Ó¨ó§U¸Ñ»¡¡A¤å¦r¶É¦V²³æ¡C¦Ü©ó«C¤Ö¦~¤é±`¬¡°Ê¤]Âà¦V¹Ï¹³¬°¥D¡C¦³½Õ¬dÅã¥Ü¡A«C¤Ö¦~¥§¡¨C¤ÑÆ[¬Ý¹qµø¸`¥Øªº®É¶¡¶W¹L¤T¤p®É¡A¥®É¤S·R¾\Ūº©µe¡Cº©µe©M¹qµøµ¥´C¤¶³£µÛ«¼v¹³¡B¹Ï¶H¦Ó»´¤å¦r¡A¦¹¥~¡A·U¨Ó·U¦hªº®ø¶O©Î·¾³q¬¡°Ê¡]¨Ò¦p»È¦æ´£´Ú¡B¥Ó»â³æ¾Ú¤å¥ó¡^±Ä¥Î¡u«ö¶s¡vªº¤è¦¡¶i¦æ¡A¦Ó¦b¾Ç®Õùؤ£¤Ö¦Ò¸Õ©M´úÅç³£¥H¿ï¾ÜÃD©M²µuªº¶ñ¥R¤è¦¡¥XÃD¡C³o¨Ç²ßºD©M·®ð¡A¥O«C¤Ö¦~ªº»y¨¥Àô¹Ò·U¨Ó·UÁ¡®z¡A¥L̦b¸Ñ¨M¥Í¬¡©M¾Ç·~¤Wªº°ÝÃD®É¡A¥ç¨S¦³»Ýn®Ñ¼g¡B³¯z§¹¾ãªº¸Ü»y¡C
¡@¡@¾Ç²ß»y¤åºÝ¿à»y¨¥Àô¹Ò¤§§U¤O¡C¥À»y©ÎÂù»y¾Ç²ß¨Ã¤£»Ýn¯S§Oªº±Ð¾É¡F¤@Өൣ¡A¥un¨ä¤ß´¼¥¿±`©Î±µªñ¥¿±`ªº¡AÅý¥L©Î¦o¥Í¬¡¦b¤@Ó¦ÛµMªº»y¨¥Àô¹Ò¤§¤U¡A§Y¯à¨Ì·Ó¤@©wªºµo®i¶¶§Ç¡A¾Ç·|¥À»yªº»yµ¡Bµü·J»P»yªk¡]¾G¬L©ú¡A1993¡^¡C»´ä¬O¸f»y¤è¨¥°Ï¡A¦Ó²{¥Nº~»y®Ñ±»y«h¬O»´ä»y¤å±Ð¾Çªº¾Ç²ß¥Ø¼Ð¡CªÀ·|Áֽקåµû»´ä¾Ç¥Í»y¤å¤ô¥§C¸¨¡A¥Dn¬O«ü¥L̦b²{¥Nº~»y®Ñ±»y¤è±ªºªí²{¯à¤O®t¡C¥¿¦p«ez¡A»´ä¾Ç¥Í¤é±`¥Í¬¡¤Î¾Ç²ßùدʥF²{¥Nº~»y®Ñ±»yªºÀ³¥Î¾÷·|¡A¨S¦³»y¨¥Àô¹Ò¡Aªí²{»¹¦â¬O¥²µMªº¨Æ¡CµM¦Ó¡A¥un§Ú̲ӤßÆ[¹î¡A«C¤Ö¦~¨p¤U¥æ½Í¡A¤º®e©M¸ÜÃD³£¬O¤Q¤ÀÂ×´Iªº¡]Á¿üª÷¡B§Â°¶©v¡A1995¡^¡A«Ä¤l¦V¤÷¥Àª§¨ú¹s¥Î¿ú®É¥i¥HÁ|¥X«Ü¦h²z¾Ú¡A³oªí©ú«C¤Ö¦~¯Ê¥Fªº¥u¬O§Q¥Î®Ñ±»y¨Óªí±¡¹F·Nªº¯à¤O¡C©Ò¥H¡An´£°ª»´ä«C¤Ö¦~ªº»y¤å¯à¤O¡A±Ð®v¤£¯à¤£«·s¦Ò¼{»y¨¥Àô¹Òªº¥\¯à¡C
²Ä¤G¸`
ºî¦X°ª®Ä¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk(«eºÙ·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Ç)
¤@. ¥Ñ¨Ó
¡@¡@¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤K¤Q¦~¥N¤¤´Á¡A^°ê¾Ç®Õ½Òµ{©eû·|ºc«ä¥X¡u°ê®a¼g§@p¹º¡v¡A°£¤Fn´£°ª¤T·³¦Ü¤Q¤K·³ªº¾Ç¥Í¦b¼g§@¤è±ªºªí±¡¹F·Nªº¯à¤O¥~¡AÁÙ¹ªÀy¥LÌ¥H¼g§@¬°¾Ç²ß¤u¨ã¡C¸g¹L¤T¦~¸ÕÅç¡A¨â¤d¦h¦W±Ð®v°Ñ»P¡A¤G¤Q¤TÓ¦a¤è¾÷ºc¤ä«ù¡A¦¨®Ä·¥¨Î¡A¨ì¤F¤@¤E¤K¤K¦~¡A«K¦b¥þ°ê¤j¤O±À¦æ¡C«á¨Ó»´ä¦³¨Ç±Ð¨|¤u§@ªÌ§â³oÓ·§©À¤Þ¶i¨ì»´ä¸ÕÅç¡AºÙ¤§¬°¡u¥þ»y¤å¼g§@¡v¡A¸g¹L¦h¦~ªº¹ê½î¡A¤£Â_×¥¿¤ÎºtÅÜ¡A¤w¸g«Ø¥ß¤F¤@®M¾A¦X»´ä»y¤å±Ð¾ÇÀô¹Òªº¤èªk¡AªÖ©w¤F¥¦¬O¤@Ó¥i¥H¨ó§U¾Ç¥Í§ïµ½¼g§@¡B´£°ª¼g§@¿³½ìªº±Ð¾Çªk¡C¡uºî¦X°ª®Ä¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk¡v(«eºÙ¡uºî¦X°ª®Ä¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk¡v(«eºÙ¡u·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¡v))¬OÁ`µ²^°ê°ê®a¼g§@p¹º¤Î¦b»´ä¸ÕÅç¤Fªº¡u¥þ»y¤å¼g§@¡v¤§¸gÅç¦Ó¨Óªº¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¼Ò¦¡¡C
¡@
¤G. Åܲ¤§I´º
¡@¡@¦³«Ü¦h¾Ç®Õªº¼g§@±Ð¾Ç½Òµ{«D±`¦³®Ä¡A¦ý¦³¤p³¡¤À¾Ç®Õªº¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¡A®ÄªG¤£¤j¡A¥H¤U¬O¤@¨Ç»Ýn§ïµ½ªº¦a¤è¡G
- ³æ¤è¦V¾Ç²ß¡G±q³¡¤À¾Ç®Õ©M±Ð®v¹ï¡u¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¡v½Ò¸`ªº¦w±Æ²z©À¡A¥i¥H¨£¥X¡u¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¡v¬O¤@Ó¿W¥ßªº¶µ¥Ø¡A¸ò»y¤å¬ìùتº¨ä¥L°V½m¶µ¥Ø¿W¥ß¶}¨Ó¡A³o¼Ë·|§â¾Ç¥Íªº¾Ç²ß¸gÅç³Îµõ¡C¨ä¹ê¡A¼g§@¾Ç²ß¬O¤@Ó¸ó¯à¤O©M¸ó¾Ç¬ìªº°V½m¡A¥þ¤è¦ì¾Ç²ß·|§ó¬°¦³®Ä¡C
- ¥¼¯à«Ø¥ß¼g§@ªº·N¸q¡G¡u¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¡vªº¥DÃD¬O°V½m§Þ¯à¡A¬°¤F¤è«Kµû¤À¡A³¡¤À¾Ç®Õ±Ä¨ún¾Ç¥Í¼g§@¹º¤@ªº©RÃD¡A¨Ã¦b©wªº®É¶¡¤º§¹¦¨³W©wªº¦r¼Æ¡A¥O¡u¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¡vªº§Î¦¡µ¥¦P©ó´úÅç¡C§bªO©M§Î¦¡¤Æªº¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¡A¤ñ¸ûÃø¤Þ°_¾Ç¥Íªº¼g§@¿³½ì©M°Ê¾÷¡C¥[¤W±Ð®v¡u©RÃD¡v©¹©¹¤S¤£Â_¦b¾Ç¥Íªº¾Ç²ß¥Í¬¡ùØ««½Æ½Æ¡]¸Õ·Q¹³¥Ñ¤¤¤@¦Ü¤¤¤¡A¾Ç¥Í¥i¯à¹J¹L¦h¤Ö¦¸¡m¤¤¬î°O½ì¡n³oÃþ¡u®É¥O¡vÃD¥Ø¡H¡^¡C¤åÃD¹L©ó«½Æ¡A¤]´NÃø¥H´£°_¾Ç¥Íªº¼g§@¿³½ì¡]Á¿üª÷¡BÃö¤§^¡B¾HÁ¨¥ý¡AÁ§»ñ»ï¡A1995¡^¡C¤Ö¼Æªº±Ð®v¬°¤FÅý¾Ç¥Í¡u¼g¡v±o§ó¦n¡AÁÙÀÀ©w¤jºõ¡B´£¨ÑÀ³¥Î¦rµüµ¹¾Ç¥Í¡A³o¼Ë°µªº¥»·N¤Q¤À¦n¡A¦ý¦pªG½g½g¦p¬O¡A¾Ç¥Í¬J¹ï¡u©RÃD¡v©Î¤º®e¤£·P¿³½ì¡A¥u¬O·Ó±Ð®vªº§h©J¶ñ¤W¦rµü¦Ó¤w¡]Áµ¥¡M1995¡^¡C¹ï¾Ç¥Í¦Ó¨¥¡A¡u¼g§@¡v¬¡°Ê¦ü¥G¥u¬O¬°¤F¨ú±o¤À¼Æ¡A¥H¤Î¾Ç²ß¨º¨Ç¤åÅ骾ÃѦӤw¡A¸ò¥L̾ãÅé¥Í¬¡ªº·N¸q¨S¦³¬Æ»òÁpô¡C
- ¥H±Ð®v¬°¼g§@¤¤¤ß¡G¬°¤è«K²Îp¾Ç¥Í¦¨ÁZ¡A¶Ç²Îªº¼g§@±Ð¾Ç³£·|µ¹¾Ç¥Íµû¤À¡CµM¦Ó¡Aµû¤À¬O¥DÆ[ªº¡A¦P¤@½g¤å³¹¡A¸¨¦b¤£¦P±Ð®v¤â¤W·|±o¨ì¤£¦Pªº¤À¼Æ¡CÁaµM¦³¨Ç¾Ç®Õ¨C¦~§¡¬°¤F²Î¤@µû¤À¼Ð·Ç¦Óªá¤W«Ü¦h·|ij®É¶¡¡A¦ýª§Ä³¤´µM«ùÄò¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C¦Ó³Ì¤jªº¹ú¯f«h¬O¡A±Ð®vµû¤ÀÅý¾ãÓ¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¬¡°Ê¥H±Ð®v¬°¤¤¤ß¡A§Y¨Ï±Ð®vµ¹¤©ªº©RÃD¬O¡mµ¹ª¨ª¨ªº¤@«Ê«H¡n¡A¾Ç¥Í¹ê»Ú¤]ª¾¹D¸Ó¦¸ªºÅªªÌ¬O±Ð®v¡C¦³¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü¡A¾Ç¥Í¬°¨ú°ª¤À¡A·|¶É¦V¼g±Ð®v³ß·Rªº¤º®e¡A³o¤£¬O°ö¨|¤F¾Ç¥Í¤£«ê·íªº¼g§@²ßºD¡C¨ä¹ê¡A¤£¦Pªº¼g§@¹ï¶H¦³¤£¦Pªº¼g§@n¨D¡A°ö¾i¾Ç¥Í¦³¯S©wªº¼g§@¹ï¶H¬O¤@¶µ«nªº°V½m¡C
- µû§ï®ÄªG¤£¦n¡G¤£¤Ö»{¯u§å§ïªº±Ð®v¡A©¹©¹¬°¤Fª§¨ú®É¶¡µo¦^§@¤å¡AÄ묹¤U¯Z¤Î°²´Á¥ð®§®É¶¡¨Ó§å§ï§@¤å¡CµM¦Ó¡A¸gÅç§i¶D§ÚÌ¡AÁa¨Ï±Ð®vªá¶O¤j¶q¤ß¤O¡A¾Ç¥Í¦b¼g§@¤Wªºªí²{«o¤£¦¨¥¿¤ñ¡C¦Ó§å§ï³t«×µyºCªº±Ð®v¡A©¹©¹¤S·|¿nÀ£§@¤å¡C¥¼¯à¤Î®Éµo¦^§@¤å¡A±Ð¾Ç®ÄªG¤]·|¥´§é¦©¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C©Ò¥H§ïµ½µû§ï§@¤åªº¤è¦¡¬O¨è¤£®e½wªº¡C
¡@¡@¥H¤W¦U¶µ¨Ã¤£¤Ï¬M¥þ´ä¾Ç®Õªº´¶¹M±¡ªp¡C¦ý¦pªGn¸Ñ¨M¤Wzªº°ÝÃD¡A·s¥þ»y¤å±Ð¾Çªk¬O¥i¥H¤@¸Õªº¡C
¤T. °ò¦²z½×
¡@¡@©Ò¿×¡u¥þ»y¤å¡v¡]Whole-language¡^´N¬O¤@Ó¥H¾Ç¥Í¬°¤¤¤ß¡A¥H¹B¥Î»y¤å¬°¥»ªº»y¤å±Ð¾Çªk¡AÅý¾Ç¥Í¤£½×¦ó®É¦ó¦a¤]®û¨I¦b¯u¹ê¦s¦bªº¶Ç·N»â°ìùØ¡]Froese,
1996¡^¡C©Ò¦³¾Ç¬ìªº¾Ç²ß³£»Ýn»y¤å¡A©Ò¥H»y¤åªº¾Ç²ß¬O¸ó¾Ç¬ìªº¡C¹L¥hªº»y¤å±Ð¾Ç¹B§@¤è¦¡¡A¥O»y¤å¸ò¨ä¥L¾Ç¬ì¤À³Î¶}¨Ó¡A»y¤åªº¨Æ±¡¦b»y¤å¬ì³B²z¡AÂ÷¶}¤F»y¤å½Ò¡A¾Ç¥Í¦ü¥G«K¤£»Ýn¾Ç²ß»y¤å¡A©Îµ½¥Î»y¤å§@¬°¾Ç²ß¤u¨ã¡A¦Ó®Õ¥»½Òµ{³]p©Î³\¥¼¯àµ½¥[§Q¥Î¾Ç¥Í¤w¦³ªº»y¤å°V½m¡A¿Ä¤J¦U¤£¦Pªº¾Ç¬ìùØ¡A¥O¾Ç¥Íªº»y¤å¾Ç²ß¥Í¬¡Åܱo¬\Àê¥F¨ý¡C¡u«Ü¦h¾Çµ£¤]¤£²M·¡¬°¦ó¤Hn¾\Ū¡A¥u¦]¬°¥L̪º¥@¬ÉùØ¡A¦¨¤H¬O¤£¾\Ūªº¡CÅãµM¡A¥þ»y¤å±Ð¾ÇªkÅý¾Ç¥Í¦b¤@Ó±¡¹ÒùؾDzߦUºØ°ò¦ª¾ÃÑ¡A³Ì²×¯à¦Û¦æ¼g§@©M¾\Ū¡K¡K¥þ»y¤å±Ð¾Çªkªº«ÂI»·»·¦³§O©ó²{¦æªº±Ð¾Çªk¡A¤]¥X²{¤F¤£¤[¡A¦ý§Ú¬Û«H³oӱоǪk²×·|±È°_¤@³õ¤p³W¼Òªº±Ð¾Çªk§ï²¡A¦]¬°±Ð®v·|µo²{¾Ç¥Í¤£¤î¯à°÷¼g§@¡A¦Ó¥B¤]³ßÅw¼g§@¡C¡v¡]Froses,1991,
pp. 2-3¡^
¡@¡@¡uºî¦X°ª®Ä¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk¡v(«eºÙ¡uºî¦X°ª®Ä¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk¡v(«eºÙ¡u·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¡v))¬O¤@Ó¥þ±«Ø¥ß»y¤å»P¾Ç¥Í¾ãÅé¾Ç²ß©M¥Í¬¡Ãö«Yªº±Ð¾Çªk¡AµL½×Ū¡B¼g¡BÁ¿¡BÅ¥³£¤£¥u¬O§Þ¯à°V½m¡A¦Ó¬O»P¾Ç¥Íªº¥Í¬¡©M¾Ç²ß¬¡°Êºò±Kµ²¦X¡A¨Ï¤§¦¨¬°¦³·N¸qªº°V½m¡]¨£¹Ï8-01¡^¡]Yellin
& Blake, 1994¡^¡C
¡@¡@¡u¥þ»y¤å½ü¡vÅã¥Üªº¥¿¦n¬O³o®M¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk¦b¬¡°Ê³]p¤Wªº®Ú¥»²z©À¡G¾Ç¥Í¨C¤Ñ¶i¦æªº¤£¦P¬¡°Ê¡A³£¥]§t¤F¡uŪ¡B¼g¡BÁ¿¡BÅ¥¡v¥|ºØ»y¤å§Þ¯à¡A¾Ç¥Í³z¹L³o¨Ç§Þ¯à¡A³q¦V´x´¤¥@¬É¨Æª«¡Bª¾ÃÑ©M·N¸q¡C
¡@¡@¡u¥þ»y¤å¡vªº±Ð¾Ç²z½×¡A¥¿¬O«Ø°ò©ó^°ê°ê®a¼g§@p¹ºªº°ò¦²z½×¡G
- ±Ð¨|¬OÂù¦V¬¡°Ê¡A±Ð®vÀ³¸Ó®Ú¾Ú¾Ç¥Í¤£¦Pªº»Ýn¡A±Ä¨ú¤£¦Pªº±Ð¾Ç¤è¦¡¡A±Ð®v¸g±`¼x¸ß¾Ç¥Í·N¨£¡A¨Ãקï½Òµ{©Î±Ð¾Çªk¡A¥H¨D½Òµ{¯à¤Á¦X¹ê»Ú»Ýn¡C¡]National
Curriculum Council, 1990b¡^
- ±Ð®v¤£¦Ûı¦a§â¼g§@¬Ý¦¨¬O´úÅç½Ò¡A«d®z¤F¾Ç¥Íªº¼g§@¿³½ì¡C¡]National Curriculum
Council, 1990a¡^
- ¾Ç¥Í¦b¼g§@¹Lµ{ùØ¡A¦p¯à¦³¾÷·|®³¦Û¤vªº·N¨£©MÆ[ÂI»P¤H¤À¨É¡A¦³§U´£°ª¥L̪º¼g§@¿³½ì©Mº¡¨¬·P¡C¡]National
Curriculum Council, 1990a¡^
- ±Ð®v³q¹L°Ý¨÷¡B¤u§@¯È¡B¶qªíµ¥¤è¦¡«ü¾É¾Ç¥Íµû§ï¦P²Õ¦P¾Çªº¤å³¹¡A§ïÅܱЮv¦b¼g§@½Òùتº³æ¤@¨¤¦â¡A³¡¤Àµû§ï¤u§@¥Ñ¾Ç¥Ít³d¡A¾Ç²ß¤W¡A¾Ç¥Í¤£¦A³B©ó³Q°Ê¡C¡]National
Curriculum Council, 1990b¡^
- ¤å³¹¬O¤H»P¤H·¾³qªº¤u¨ã¡A¦³¬¡¥Í¥Íªº©M¯u¹êªºÅªªÌ¡A¤~·|¨ë¿E§@ªÌªº¼g§@±ý±æ¡C^°ê°ê®a¼g§@p¹º¬°¾Ç¥Í²Õ¦¨¤F¥]¬A¦P¯Z¦P¾Ç¡B®aªø¡B¾F®Õ¾Ç¥Í¡BªÀ°Ï¦¨û©M°ê»Úµ§¤ÍªºÅªªÌ¸s¡AÅý¾Ç¥Íª½±µ»P³o¨ÇŪªÌ¸s¥H¤å¦r·¾³q¡AŪªÌ¸sªº¦^À³¡A¥O¾Ç¥Í·P¨ü¨ì¦Û¤v¤å¦rªº¤O¶q¡C¡]National
Curriculum Council, 1990b¡^
¡@
¥|. ¾Ç²ß¼Ò¦¡
¡@¡@¾Ç²ß¦³¨âºØ¼Ò¦¡¡A¤@¬OÄé¿é¼Ò¦¡¡A¤G¬O·¾³q¼Ò¦¡¡]Weaver, 1990¡^¡G
Äé¿é¼Ò¦¡ |
·¾³q¼Ò¦¡ |
«µøª½±µ±Ð±Â¡A¾Ç²ß¥Ñ½Òµ{©M±Ð®v±±¨î |
«µø¾Ç²ßªÌ¡A±Ð®v¥u§êºt¨ó§Uªº¨¤¦â¡A¦®¦b¨ó§U¾Ç¥Í¨ì¹F©Î¶W¶V½Òµ{ªº¥Ø¼Ð |
»{¬°¾Ç²ß¬O¥Ñ²³æ¨ì½ÆÂø¡A¥Ñ¤p¨ì¤jªº¹Lµ{ |
³æ¿Wªº¾Ç²ßÓ§O³æ¶µ·N«ä¤£¤j¡A¤Ï¦Ó¬O±q¾ãÅ骺·N¸qùؾDzßÓ§O³æ¶µ |
¾Ç²ß¬O¤@ºØ²ßºDªº§Î¦¡¡A¤fÀY©M®Ñ±»y³£n¥¿½T¡AÁקK¿ù»~ |
»{¬°¾Ç²ß¬O¤@Ó½ÆÂø»{ª¾µ²ªG¡A±Ð®v©M¦P½ú³£¥i¥H¦b¹Lµ{¤¤¨ó§U¡A¥H«K¾Ç¨ì |
n·Ç½T¡A¤£¹ªÀy«_ÀI¡A§_«h¨ü»@ |
¹ªÀy«_ÀI¡A¿ù»~¬O¾Ç²ß¹Lµ{ùØ¥²»Ýªº |
n´x´¤±Ð§AªºªF¦è¡A§_«h´N¬O¥¢±ÑªÌ |
¾Ç²ßªÌ¦U¦³¤£¦Pªº¶¥¬q©M¶iµ{¡A¥L̪ºµo®i¬O«ö¦Û¤vªº¶i«×¦Ó¦æ¡A¨S¦³¥¢±ÑªÌ |
¦³½Æ»s©Î½Æz¹w³]¥¿½Tµª®×ªº¯à¤O |
¦³À³¥Îª¾ÃÑ©M³Ð·s«äºûªº¯à¤O¡A¦Ó¥B¦b¤@¯ë±¡¹Ò¤¤¤]¥i¥Î¤@¯ëµ¦²¤ªº¯à¤O |
¡@¡@³ªk¡]Weaver¡M1990¡^¦b¡m©ú¥Õ¥þ»y¤å¡n¡]Understanding
Whole Language¡^¤@®Ñ´£¤Î¦o¹ï¥þ»y¤å¾Ç²ßªº·N¨£¡C¦o»{¬°»y¨¥¬O¾ãÅ骺¡A¤£¬O¤À¦¨¦Uӧޯ઺¡A¾\Ū©M¼g§@ªº¾ãÅé§Þ¥©©Mµ¦²¤¬O¾ãÅéµo®iªº¡C
¡@¡@·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¥¿¬O¹B¥Î·¾³q¼Ò¦¡¨Ó¶i¦æªº¡C¶P°Ç´µ¡]Calkins,
1986¡^¦b¡m¼g§@ªºÃÀ³N¡n¡]The Art of Writing¡^¤@®ÑùØ¥H¥|Ó°Ï°ì¨Óªí¥Ü±Ð®v©M¾Ç¥Í¦b½Ò°ó¤Wªº§ë¤Jµ{«×¡G
¹Ï8-02 ¾Ç¥Í°Ñ»Pµ{«×»P±Ð®v¿é¤J¤§Ãö«Y
¡@¡@¹Ï¤¤ªº¡u±Ð®v¿é¤J¡v¬O«ü±Ð®v¦b½Ò°óùØÁ¿±Âª¾ÃÑ»P¾Ç²ß¸ê®Æ¡A¦Ó¡u¾Ç¥Í°Ñ»P¡v¬O«ü¾Ç¥Í¦b½Ò°óùØ°Ñ»P¾Ç²ß¬¡°Êªº§ë¤Jµ{«×¡C®Ú¾Ú¶P°Ç´µ¡]Calkins,
1986¡^ªº²z½×¡A±Ð®v¦b½Ò°óÀ³¸Ó´î¤ÖÁ¿±Â¡A¦ÓÀ³¹ª°Ê¾Ç¥Í¿n·¥°Ñ»P½Ò°ó¾Ç²ß¡C¹Ï¤¤²Ä1¤Î2°Ï§¡¬OÄé¿é¼Ò¦¡ªºµ²ªG¡AµL½×±Ð®vÁÙ¬O¾Ç¥Í¡A¦b½Ò°ó¤W³£¤£¤Ó§ë¤J¡C¦Ó²Ä3¤Î4°Ï¡A«h¬O·¾³q¼Ò¦¡ªºµ²ªG¡A¦]¬°¥þ»y¤å±Ð¾Ç±Ä¥Î·¾³q¼Ò¦¡¡A¬G¦¹²Ä4°Ï´N¬O¥þ»y¤å±Ð¾Çªº³Ì¨Îµ²ªG¡G±Ð®v©M¾Ç¥Í³£¬O¥D°Ê°Ñ»P½Ò°ó¡A±Ð®v¤£¥u¬O´£¨Ñª¾ÃÑ¡A¦Ó¥B¬O´£¨Ñ¤@ӾDzßÀô¹Ò¡A¨ó§U¾Ç¥Í¾Ç²ß¡AÅý¥Ḻo¨ì¾\Ū©M¼g§@ªº¾÷·|¡A¾Ç¥Í¦b³oºØ±¡ªp¤U¤]·|¦³¿³½ìªí¹F¥L̪º¿ï¾Ü©M³Ð§@¡C¦b¾Ç²ß¹Lµ{ùØ¡A±Ð®v·|±µ¯Ç¾Ç¥Íªº¿ù»~¡A¤]¤£n¨D¾Ç¥Í½Æz¹w³]ªºµª®×¡A¦Ó¬O«µø°V½m¾Ç¥Í¿W¥ß«ä¦Òªº¯à¤O¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C³o¨Ç³£¬O¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk¹ê¬Iªº¤è°w¡C
²Ä¤T¸`
ºî¦X°ª®Ä¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk(«eºÙ·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Ç)ªº°ò¥»·§©À
¡@¡@Froese¡]1996¡^±q¤TÓ¼h±Á`µ²¥X¹ê½î³o®M±Ð¾Çªkªº°ò¥»·§©À¡A²{µ²¦X¡u¥þ»y¤å¼g§@¡v¦b»´äªº¹ê½î¸gÅç¡A¦C¦b³oùØ¡A¨Ñ¦U±Ð®v¦b³]p¡u·s¥þ»y¤å±Ð¾Ç¡v¬¡°Ê®É°Ñ·Ó¡C
¤@. ±Ð®v¼h±
- ±Ð®v¬Û«H»y¤å¯à¤O¬O¤HÃþ¦ÛµMµo®iªº¬¡°Ê¡F
- »y¤å¬O¥Î§@·¾³q¶Ç·Nªº¡A½Ò«Ç¥¿¦n¬O¤@Ó¡u¯u¹ê¥Í¬¡¡vªº»y¹Ò¡F
- »y¨¥¬O»y¹Òªº²Õ¦¨³¡¤À¡A°£¤F¿W¥ß¶}³]»y¤å¬ì¥~¡A¦b±Ð¾Ç¦w±Æ¤W¤]À³¸ÓºÉ¥i¯à§â»y¤å¬ìªº½d³òÂX¤j¡A¹F¨ìºî¦X¦¡ªº±Ð¾Ç¦w±Æ¡A³Ì¦n¬O¯à»P¨ä¥L¾Ç¬ìµ²¦X¤@°_¡A¦pªÀ·|¡B¬ì¾Ç¡B¼Æ¾Çµ¥¡F
- ¾Ç²ß»y¤å¸Ó¬OÀ³¥Î¥ý¦æ¡AŲ§O¤Î´£·Ò¦b«á¡F
- ±Ð®vÀ³¸ÓºÉ¨ä©Ò¯à¡AÅý½Ò°ó«O«ù¬°¤@ÓÂ×´I¦h±mªº¾Ç²ßÀô¹Ò¡F
- ±Ð®v¥i¥H¨M©w½Òµ{¶i«×¤Î±Ð¾Ç¤èªk¡A¤£À³«ª©ó±Ð¬ì®Ñªº¤º®e¡F
- ±Ð¾Ç¬¡°ÊÀ³¸Ó·ÓÅUÓ§O¾Ç¥Íªº»Ýn¡F
- ±Ð®vÀ³µø¥G±Ð¾Ç±¡ªp¤Î¥Ø¼Ð¡A¥æ´À±Ä¥ÎÓ§O¡B¤p²Õ©Î¤j²Õªº¤è¦¡±Â½Ò¡A§óÀ³¹ªÀy¦P½ú¾Ç²ß¡F
- ¥un±Ð®v´£¨Ñ¾A·íªº¾÷·|¡Aµ¹¤©¤ä«ù¡A¥ô¦ó¾ÇÄÖªº¾Ç¥Í³£¯à¶i¦æ¾UÅG¡]Critical¡^¤Î³Ð·N«ä¦Ò¡F
- ±Ð®v¦³³d¥ôÅý¨CӾǥͪº§@«~³£¯à±o¨ìµû§ï¡AµM¦Ó¤]¥i¥H±Ä¥Î¦P½ú¤À¨É©M¤¬µû¡F
- ±Ð®vÀ³¬O¾Ç¥Í¦b¾Ç²ß¤Wªº¼Ò½d¡F
¡@
¤G. ¾Ç¥Í¼h±
- ¨C¤@Ӿǥͳ£¬O¿W¤@µL¤GªºÓÅé¡A¨S¦³¤H¬O¬Û¦Pªº¡A¥LÌÀ³¸Ó±o¨ì»{¦P©M±µ¨ü¡C
- ¾Ç¥Í¨C¤Ñ³£¥Rº¡¾Ç²ßªº°Ê¤O©M¿³½ì¡A¦b±Ð®vªº»²§U¤U¡A°ö¾i±j¯Pªº¤º¦b¾Ç²ß°Ê¾÷¡F
- ¹B¥Î»y¤å®É¥²¦³¥Ø¼Ð¡A¤]§Æ±æ³z¹L»y¤å§¹¦¨³o¨Ç¥Ø¼Ð¡F
- ½Ò°ó¬O¤@Ó¥i¥H±Òµo¾Ç¥Í«äºûªºÀô¹Ò¡F
- ¾Ç¥ÍÀ³¸Ó§â±Ð®vµø§@¤@Ó¤ä«ù¦Û¤v¾Ç²ßªº¦¨¦~¤H¡F
- ¤£¦P»y¨¥©M¤å¤ÆI´ºªº¾Ç¥Í´£¥Xªº·N¨£³£¨ü¨ì´L«¡C
¡@
¤T. ±Ð§÷¼h±
- ½Ò«Çªº³]pÀ³¯à®e¯Ç¤£¦Pªº±Ð¾Ç§÷®Æ¡A§G¸m¸Ó´I¼u©Ê¡F
- °£±Ð¬ì®Ñ¥~¡A¥ô¦ó§÷®Æ§¡¥i¯à¥Î§@¾Ç²ß§÷®Æ¡A¨Ò¦p¾Ç¥Íªº§@«~¡A©ÎªÌ³ø³¹¡BÂø»xµ¥µ¥¨Ã䪺§÷®Æ¡A³£¬O±Ð¾Çªº¦n¤u¨ã¡F
- ¤£¦Pªº¾Ç¬ì¡A¦p¬ì¾Ç¡B¸g¤½µ¥¡A¦³¤£¦Pªº¡u¤º®e¡v¡A³o¨Ç¡u¤º®e¡v³£¬O»y¤å¾Ç²ßªº§÷®Æ¡F
- ÃÀ³N¡Bµ¼Ö¡BÀ¸¼@©M¹q¼v§¡¬O»y¤åªºÄ_®w¡A¥¦Ì¦³§U¾Ç¥Í²z¸Ñ¦Û¤v©M³oÓ¥@¬É¡A©ú¥Õ¤H©Ê¡A¤]©ú¥Õ»y¨¥¦p¦ó¦b·í¤¤¹ê½î¡F
- ¦b¾Çµ£¥Í¬¡ªºªÀ°Ïùتº¤H¡A¦p®a©~«ÎbªºÅ@½Ãû¡B¯ùÀ\ÆUªºÂ¾û¡B°s¼Ó¸g²z¡BÂø³f©±ªº°â³fû¡B±Ð°Ïªº¯«¤÷¡B±Ð·|ªºªª®vµ¥¡A¤]¬OÂ×´Iªº»y¤å±Ð¾ÇÄ_ÂáF
- À³¸Ó¦h±Ä¥Î¤é±`¥Í¬¡ªº»y®Æ¡A©Î¬OªÀ·|¤W±`¨£ªº¤å¥ó©Î§÷®Æ¡A¦p¼s§i¡B¼Ð»yµ¥¡C
²Ä¥|¸`
¹ê½î¤èªk
¤@. ÃD¥Ø
¡@¡@¥þ»y¤åªº¼g§@ÃD¥Ø¦h¥H¡u¥À¤lÃD®w¡v©Î¡u¶ñªÅÃD¡vªº§Î¦¡¥X²{¡C
¡@¡@±Ð®v¥ý¥X¤@Ó¡uÃD¥Ø¡v¡A§Y¬O¡u¥ÀÃD¡v¡A¾Ç¥Í¥i¥H®Ú¾Ú³oÓ¡u¥ÀÃD¡v¦Ó¦Ûq¤@Ó¦Û¤v¦³¿³½ìªºÃD¥Ø¡A³o´N¬O¡u¤lÃD¡v¤F¡C¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¨Ò¦p¡A±Ð®v¥Xªº¡u¥ÀÃD¡v¬O¡u¯QÀt¡v¡A¾Ç¥Íªº¡u¤lÃD¡v¥i¥H¬O¡G¡u¯QÀtªººc³y¡v¡B¡u¯QÀtªº¶Ç»¡¡v¡B¡u§Ú³ß·R¾i¯QÀt¡vµ¥µ¥¡C
¡@¡@±Ð®v¤]¥i¥H¥X¡u¶ñªÅ¦¡¡vªºÃD¥Ø¡A¨Ò¦p¡G¡u¡¼¡¼ªº¦Û¥Õ¡v¡B¡u¡¼¡¼ªººc³y¡v¡B¡u¡¼¡¼ªº¬K¤Ñ¡v¡B¡u¡¼¡¼ªº¤é°O¡v¡B¡u«i´±ªº¡¼¡¼¡vµ¥µ¥¡A¾Ç¥Í¥i®Ú¾Ú³o¨ÇÃD¥Øùغ|ªÅ¤Fªº³¡¤À¡A¥[¤W¦Û¤v¦³¿³½ì¼gªº¤º®e¡C
¡@¡@Á`¤§¡AÅý¾Ç¥Í¦³¾÷·|¿ï¾Ü¦Û¦Û¤v³ßÅwªºÃD¥Ø¡A±Ð®v¤]¥i®Ú¾Ú¤£¦P¦~¯Åªº¯à¤O¡Aµ¹¤©¤£¦P¼h¦¸ªº¼g§@ÃD¥Ø¡C¡]¸Ô±¡¥i°Ñ¦Ò¥»¥U²Ä¤C³¹¡m¤åÅé¼g§@¤Î¨ä¥L±Ð¾Ç±Ð¾Çªk¡nùتº¡u¥À¤lÃD®w¡v¤Î¡u¶ñªÅÃD¡v¨â¶µ¡^
¡@
¤G. ´£ºõ
¡@¡@¬°¤FÅý¾Ç¥Í¦Û¥Ñ¦aµo´§³Ð·N¡AÅý¾Ç¥Í¼g¥L̦ۤv·Qnªí¹FªºªF¦è¡A¦]¦¹±Ð®v¤£·|´£¨Ñ¼g§@¤jºõ¡C¤Ï¦Ó¬O³z¹L¼g§@«eªº¬¡°Ê¡]½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¥»¥U²Ä¤³¹¡m³Ð·N²z½×»P¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¡n¡^¡AÅý¾Ç¥Íµo±¸¦Û¤vªº¼g§@¤º®e¡CºÉ¶q°ö¾i¾Ç¥Í¿W¥ßªº³Ð§@¤Î«ä¦Ò¯à¤O¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C
¡@
¤T. ·N©À
¡@¡@®e³\¾Ç¥Í¥Î¦hºØ¤è¦¡¨Óªí¹F¡C¾Ç¥Í¹J¦³¤£À´ªº¦rµü¡A©Î¤£À´ªí¹Fªº·N©À®É¡A±Ð®vÀ³¹ªÀy¾Ç¥Í¥Î¨ä¥L¤è¦¡¡]¨Ò¦p¹Ïµe¡Bº©µe¡B¦Pµ¦r¡B«÷µ²Å¸¹µ¥¡^¼È®É¥N´À¡A¥H§K¤¤Â_«ä¸ô¡A®e±Ð®vµy«á³B²z¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C³o¨Ç´À¥Nªº¦rµü¨Ã¤£µ¥©ó¬O¿ù»~¡A¦Ó¬O¾Ç¥Í¦b¥¼´x´¤¬ÛÃö·§©Àªºªí¹F¤è¦¡®É¡A»²§U¥L̪í¹Fªº¤u¨ã¡C¾Ç¥Í³o¨Ç´À¥N¦rµü¡A¨ä¹ê¤]´N¬O¥LÌ»Ýn±Ð®v´£¨Ñ¨ó§Uªº¦a¤è¡A¦³³o¨Ç´À¥N¦rµü¡A±Ð®v¤]´N§ó¯àÁA¸Ñ¾Ç¥Íªº§xÃø©Ò¦b¡C¦ý¬O¡A³o±¡ªp¥u¬Oµu´Á©Êªº¡A¦p¾Ç¥Í¯à¤j¶q¾\Ū¡A«Ü§Ö«K¯à´ç¹L³oÓ¶¥¬q¡C
¡@
¥|. §Î¦¡
¡@¡@·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¨S¦³³W©wªº§Î¦¡¡A¤]¨S¦³«ü©wªº¤åÅé¡A§ó¨S¦³¦r¼Æªº¨î¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C±Ð®v¥i¥H®e³\¾Ç¥Í¼g¸Ö¡B¼g¤p»¡¡B¼g´²¤å¡B¼gÀ¸¼@¡B¼gµu¬G¨Æ¡F±Ð®v°£¤F¥i¥H½Ð¾Ç¥ÍÓ§O³Ð§@¥~¡A§ó¥i¥HÅý¾Ç¥Í³z¹L¤À²Õ¼¶¼g³ø§i¡B³X°Ý°O¿ý©Î¶°Åé³Ð§@µ¥¤è¦¡¼g§@¡C
¡@
¤. ŪªÌ
¡@¡@·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Çªººë¯«¬O¡G¦³¯u¹êªº¼g§@¹ï¶H¡A¤~¦³¿³½ì¼g§@¡C¦]¦¹¡A±Ð®vnÀ°§U¾Ç¥Í«Ø¥ßŪªÌ¸s¡A¾Ç¥Íªº§@«~°£¤FÅý±Ð®v¹L¥Ø¥H¥~¡AÁÙ¥i¥H¥æµ¹¦P¯Z¦P¾Ç¡B¾F¯Z¦P¾Ç¡B®aªø¤ÎªÀ°ÏùتºÅªªÌ¾\Ū¡A¦³¯u¹êªºÅªªÌ¹ï¶H©M¯u¹êªº¼g§@¥Øªº¡A¾Ç¥Í´N¯à§ó»{¯uªº¼g§@¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C
¡@
¤». ª`·N¨Æ¶µ
¡@¡@¦b¶i¦æ·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@¬¡°Ê¤§«e¡A±Ð®vn¦V¾Ç¥ÍÁn©ú¡A³oºØ¼g§@§Î¦¡¬OÅý¾Ç¥Í¦³¦Û¥Ñ¿ï¾Üªº¾÷·|¡A¾Ç¥Í»Ýn´L«³oºØ¦Û¥Ñ¡A¤£¯àÀݥγoºØ¦Û¥Ñ¨Ó§ðÀ»¡B»z³´¡B¶C·´¡B«V°d¡B¼J¿Ø¥L¤H¡A¨Ò¦p¥ô·N¦b¤åÃD©Î¤å³¹ùج°±Ð®v©Î¦P¾Ç§ï¡uªá¦W¡v¡C¦pªG¹J¨ì¤@¨ÇºA«×»´¨Ù©M¤£»{¯u¾Ç²ßªº¦P¾Ç¡A±Ð®v¥i¥H¨ú®ø¥LÌ°Ñ»P·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@ªº¸ê®æ¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C
¡@¡@¥t¥~¡A±Ð®v¤]À³´£¿ô¾Ç¥Í¡A¥u¯à¥Î¹Ïµe¤Î²Å¸¹¨Ó¥N´À¨º¨Ç¯u¥¿¤£·|¼gªº¦rµü©M·N©À¡A¤d¸U¤£¯à¥Î¹Ïµe©Î²Å¸¹µ¥ªF¦è¨Ó¥N´À¨º¨Ç®Ú¥»·|¼gªº¦rµü¡C²Å¸¹©Î¹Ïµe¬O»²§U¼g§@ªº¤u¨ã¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥Î¨Ó¬ü¤Æ§@¤å¡uµe±¡vªº¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C
²Ä¤¸`
·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Çªº¶i¦æµ{§Ç
¤@. ¨BÆJ
¡@¡@±Ð®v¥ý§â¡u¥ÀÃD¡v¼g¦b¶ÂªO¤W¡AµM«á¤Þ¾É¾Ç¥Í«ä¦Ò¡u¤lÃD¡v¡C±Ð®v¤]¥i¥H¥X¤@ÓÃD¥Ø¡AµM«á®Ú¾ÚÃD¥ØÅý¾Ç¥Í»¡»¡¦Û¤vªº·N¨£©M¸g¾ú¡A¤]¥i¥H¥Î¡u¸£½ÄÀ»ªk¡v¡]Brainstorming¡^ªº¤èªk¡A¨ë¿E¾Ç¥Í±q¦h¨¤«×¥h¦Ò¼{°ÝÃD¡A¤]¥i¥H¥Î¡u¤Þ¾É¤Û·Q¡v¡]Guided
imagery¡^ªº¤èªk¨ë¿E¾Ç¥Í´£¨úÓ¤Hªº¥Í¬¡¸gÅç¡F¦¹¥~¡AÁÙ¥i¥H°t¦XŪ¤å±Ð¾Çªº¤º®e©Î¨ä¥L¾Ç¬ìªº¤º®e¨Ó¨ë¿E«ä¦Ò¡C
¡@¡@¼g«eªº¨ë¿E¬¡°Ê§¹µ²«á¡A±Ð®v¥i¥H¤À¬£§@¤å¯È¡C¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü¡A±Ð®v©y¥Î³æ¦æ¯È°µ§@¤å¯È¡A¤£©y¥Î¤è®æï©Îì½Z¯È¡A¦]¬°¨º¨Ç¯È¤Wªº¤è®æµ¹¾Ç¥Í¤@ºØ¨ü¨î©ó¤Hªº·Pı¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C¦pªG¾Ç®Õ¯àq»s¤@ºØ¥i¥H©î¶}¨Ó¥Îªº³æ¦æï§ó¦n¡A¾Ç¥Í¨C¦¸§@¤å¥u±a´X±i¯È¡A¤]¤è«K±Ð®vÄâ±a¡A¤£¹L¡A±Ð®vµo§@¤åµ¹¾Ç¥Í®É¡AnÅñ©J¾Ç¥Í§â§@¤å©ñ¦^ïùØ¡C
¡@¡@°£¤F§@¤å¯È¥~¡A¦P¾Ç¤]»Ýn¹w³Æ¤@¥»§@¤åµ§°Oï¡A¦b¼g§@½Ò®Én±a¦^¾Ç®Õ¡A©ñ¦b®à¤W¡C
¾Ç¥Í¶}©l¼g§@¡C±Ð®v¦b³o¬q®É¶¡¨µµø½Ò«Ç¡C¾Ç¥Í¦p¹J¨ì¤£·|ªí¹Fªº·N©À¡A¤£n¥ß§YÁ|¤â°Ý±Ð®v¡An¦Û¤v¹Á¸Õ¥Î¹Ïµe¡B²Å¸¹¡B¦Pµ¦rµ¥¨Ó¥N´À¡A¥Øªº¬O¤£nÅý«ä¸ô¤¤Â_¡A¥H¤Î¤£ÄÌÂZ¥L¤H¡C³o¼Ë°µªk³Ì«nªº¥Øªº¬OÅý¾Ç¥Í¤@ª½¼g¤U¥h¡C
¡@¡@¾Ç¥Í¦pªGn´£°Ý¡A¥uã¦b±Ð®v¨µµø¨ì¥Lªº®y¦ì®Ç®É¤~¥iÁ|¤â´£°Ý¡C±Ð®v¤]¥u·|¶°¤¤©ó¸Ñµª¾Ç¥Í¤£·|¼gªº¦rµü¡A±Ð®v¨Ã¦bµ§°Oï¤W°O¤U¡A¥Ñ¾Ç¥Í§â¥¿½Tªº¦rµü§Û¨ì¤å³¹ùØ¡A¦ý¤´µM«O¯d¤å³¹¤Wªº¹Ïµe©M²Å¸¹µ¥¡A¥H«K±Ð®v¶EÂ_¾Ç¥Íªº§xÃø¡C
¡@¡@¦pªG±Ð®v±Ä¨ú¤À²Õ¦X§@ªº§Î¦¡¶i¦æ·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@¡A¾Ç¥Í¥i¥H®¨®¨»P¾F®y¦P¾Ç°Ó¶q¡A¤S¥i½¬Ý®Ñ¥»¡A±©»Ý«O«ù½Ò«Ç¦wÀR¡C
¡@¡@¨ì¤F³Ì«á¤Q¤¤ÀÄÁ¡A±Ð®v¥i«Å§G®É¶¡¡A¥Øªº¤£¬O¶Ê«P¾Ç¥Í°±µ§¡A¦Ó¬O´£¿ô¾Ç¥Í¤£n¦A¥uÅU¨I«ä¡C¼g§¹¤Fªº¦P¾Ç¥i¥H¼Æ¤@¼Æ¦r¼Æ¡A¬Ý¬Ý¦Û¤vªº¼g§@ªí²{¦³¨S¦³¶i¨B¡C¦pªG¾Ç¥Í¯à¦b¹w©w®É¶¡ùا¹¦¨§@«~¡A±Ð®v¥i¥H§Y®ÉÁܽЦP¾Ç®ÔŪ¦Û¤vªº§@«~¡F¦pªG¾Ç¥Í¥¼¯à¦b½Ò°ó¤W§¹¦¨§@«~¡A±Ð®v¥i®e³\¥L̦b¤p®§Ä~Äò§¹¦¨¡A¤]¥i¥H®³¦^®a§¹¦¨¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C
¡@
¤G. µû¦ô
¡@¡@·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@¦³¦hºØµû§ï¤è¦¡¡G
1. ¤¬¬Ûµû§ï
¡@¡@±Ð®vÀ³¹ªÀy¾Ç¥Í¥æ´«¤å³¹¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤¬¬Ûµû§ï¡Aµ¹¤©·N¨£¡C±Ð®v¥i³]p¤@Ó¦L³¹¡A»\¦b¾Ç¥Íªº§@¤å¯È¤W¡AÅý¦P¾Ç¬Ý¹L¤å³¹¥H«á¼g¤Uµû»y¡C¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¨Ò¦p¡G
©m¦W
|
µû»y
|
µû¤À
|
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@¡@¾Ç¥Í°_ªì¥i¯à¤£²ßºD³oºØµû¤À¤è¦¡¡A±Ð®v¥i¹ªÀy¨º¨Ç§ä¨ì³Ì¦hŪªÌªº¦P¾Ç¡A©Î¬O¼gµû»y¼g±o³Ì¦nªº¦P¾Ç¡C¦Ü©ó¡uµû¤À¡v¤èªk¡A±Ð®v¥i±Ä¥Î¤@¯ëªºµ¹¤À¤è¦¡¡A¤]¥i±Ä¥Îµ¥¯Å¨î¡A¦p³Ì¦nªºµ¹¤²É¬P¡A³Ì¤£³ßÅwªº«Kµ¹¤@²É¬P¡C
¡@¡@±Ð®v¤]¥i¥H³]p¨ä¥Lªºµû§ïªí®æ¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡A¨Ò¦p¡G
©m¦W¡G
|
§ä¤@³B¼g±o³Ì¦nªº¦a¤è¡G
|
§ä¤@³Bn§ïµ½ªº¦a¤è¡G
|
§ä¤@Ó¼g±o³Ì¦nªºµü»y¡G
|
§ä¤@Ón§ï¼gªºµü»y¡G
|
2. ±Ð®vµû§ï
¡@¡@¥Ñ±Ð®vµû§ï®É¡AÀ³ºÉ¥i¯à¤£¥´¤À¡A¦Ó§ï¥Î¹ªÀyªºµû¦ô¤è¦¡¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¥Î°Êª«©Î¥d³q¤Hª«¦L³¹¨Óªí¥Ü¤å³¹ªº¼g§@ªí²{°ª§C¡C±Ð®v¤£¤@©w»Ýn¼gµû»y¡A¦ý¹ï¤å³¹¤º®eªº¦^À³«h¤£¥i¤Ö¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C¨Ò¦p¡G
- §Aªº¥Í¤é§ª«¯u¦h¡An¦n¦n¬Ã±¤§r¡C
- ¦³¨S¦³¦VÀ°§U§Aªº¤H¹DÁ©O¡H
- §A¬Ý¨ì¤H¥@¶¡¦³³o¼Ëªº¯eW¡A§Aı±o¦Û¤v©¯ºÖ¶Ü¡H
¡@¡@±Ð®v§å§ï®É¡A¤]À³¸Ó§@«ÂI§å§ï¡A³Ì¦n¬O¨Ì¾Ú½Òµ{¶i«×ªí¤Wªº¾Ç²ß«ÂI¨M©w§å§ï¤è¦V¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¿ù§O¦r¡B¤f»yµü·J¡B¼ÐÂI²Å¸¹¡B¼g§@®æ¦¡¡B¤À¬q¡B¤å³¹µ²ºc¡BÃöÁpµü¡B»yªk¯f¥y¡B¤å³¹¶}ÀY©Mµ²§Àµ¥¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C±Ð®v§å§ï®É¥Î¡]¡^«ü¥X¤w§å§ïªº³¡¤À¡AÅý¾Ç¥Íª¾¹Dþ¨Ç¦a¤è¦³°ÝÃD¡C¥t¥~¡A±Ð®v¤]¥i¥Î¯S§Oªº²Å¸¹¼Ð¥Ü¾Ç¥Í¤å³¹ùØ¥X¦âªº¦a¤è¡AÅý¨ä¥L¦P¾Ç¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C
¡@
¤T. ¸ò¶i¤u§@
¡@¡@±Ð®v§â§ï¦nªº¤å³¹¡A¤½¶}±i¶K¥X¨Ó¡AÅý¾Ç¥Í¥i¥H¤¬¬ÛÆ[¼¯¡C¦b¤å³¹®ÇÃä¡AÁÙ¥i¥H¥[¤W¤@±i¤j¥Õ¯È¡A¥é®Ä¦Û¥Ñ³øªº§Î¦¡¡AÅý¨ä¥L¾Ç¥Í¤]¥i¥H¦b¤W±¼g¨Ç¦^À³·N¨£¡C·íµM¡A±Ð®v¤]À³´£¿ô¾Ç¥Í¤£¯à²Ê¨¥ðã½|¡A¥²¶·¨¥¤§¦³²z¡C°£¦¹¥H¥~¡A±Ð®v¤]¥i¥H½Ð¾Ç¥Í§â¤å³¹±a¦^®aùØ¡A½Ð®aªøÆ[¬Ý¨Ã¼g¤W·N¨£¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C
¡@¡@¤Àµo§@¤å®É¡A±Ð®vÀ³¹ªÀy¾Ç¥Í¦Û§ÚµûŲ¡A±Ð®v¥i³]p²³æªº¦Û§ÚµûŲ³W½d¡A»s¦¨¦L³¹¡A»\¦b¾Ç¥Íªº§@¤å¤W¡A½Ð¾Ç¥Í¶ñ¼g¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C¨Ò¦p¡G
- |
¤W¦¸§@¤å
|
¦¹¦¸§@¤å
|
¦r¼Æ
|
¡@ |
¡@ |
¤º®e
|
¡@ |
¡@ |
ì¦]
|
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@¡@±Ð®v¬Æ¦Ü¥i¥H³]p¤@±i¨Î¥yºK¿ý¯È¡AÅý¾Ç¥Í§Û¿ýµ¹¶K°óªº§@¤åùتº¨Î¥y¡AµM«á¦A¶K¦b¥»¯Z¡B¨ä¥L¯Z©Î¨«´Yªº¾À³øªO¤W¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C¤j·§¨â¦¸§@¤å¥H«á¡A±Ð®v«KÀ³¦w±Æ¤@¸`¼g§@µûÁ¿½Ò¡AÁ¿¸Ñ±`¼g¿ùªº¦r¡B¥Î¿ùªºµü»y¡AÅý¾Ç¥Í¤@°_קï¤@¨Ç¯f¥y¡A¤]¥i¥H¤À²Õ¿ï¥Xþ¨Ç¥y¤l¼g±o¦n¡A¨Ã¥s¾Ç¥Í»¡©ú¦nªºì¦]¡C
¡@¡@¦bŪ¤å±Ð¾Ç®É¡A¥i§Q¥Î§@®aªº§@«~¡A¥Ñ¾Ç¥Í¦Û¤vÂX¼g¡B§ï¼g¡BÁY¼gµ¥¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C
¡@¡@¥Ñ©ó¡u·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@¡v¹ªÀy¦³¯u¹êªºÅªªÌ¬°°ò¦ªº¼g§@¬¡°Ê¡A¦]¦¹¡A±Ð®vÀ°§U¾Ç¥Í«Ø¥ß°_ŪªÌ¸s¥H«á¡A¹ªÀy¾Ç¥Í¦h¼g§@¡A»P¾F¯Z¦P¾Ç¡B¾F®Õ¦P¾Ç®Ñ«H©¹ÁÙ¡C¹J¨ì¼g§@ªí²{°h¨B¤Fªº¾Ç¥Í¡A±Ð®vÀ³¥Î´£°Ýªº¤è¦¡¨Ó¨ë¿E¾Ç¥Í«ä¦Ò¡AÅý¥L̼g±o§ó¦h§óÂ×´I¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C
¡@¡@¡uºî¦X°ª®Ä¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk¡v(«eºÙ¡u·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¡v)¹ªÀy¾Ç¥ÍºÉ±¡ªí¹F¡A¦b¤å³¹ùتí²{¯u§Ú¡C©Ò¥H¡u·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@¡v¤º®e·|¤Ï¬M¾Ç¥Í¥Í¬¡ªº°ÝÃD¡A±Ð®v¥»¤¯·R¤§¤ß¡A¹ï³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¤]¤£À³µø¦Ó¤£¨£¡Aµ¹¤©§Y®É©M«ê·íªº»²¾É¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C
¡@
¥|. ¸ó¾Ç¬ì¾Ç²ß
¡@¡@¡uºî¦X°ª®Ä¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk¡v(«eºÙ¡u·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Ç¡v)¨ä¤¤¤@¶µºë¯«¬On¾Ç¥Í¯à³z¹L¼g§@¨Ó¶i¦æ¾Ç²ß¡A¦]¦¹¡A±Ð®v¤£À³§â¡u¼g§@¡v©ó¡u¼g§@½Ò¤º¡v¡A¦ÓÀ³§â¡u¼g§@¡v¬¡°ÊÂX®i¨ì¨ä¥L¾Ç¬ìùØ¡A¸ò¨ä¥L¬ì¥Øªº¦Ñ®v¦X§@¡A¶i¦æ¸ó¾Ç¬ìªº¼g§@¾Ç²ß¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¥Ñ¾Ç¥Í¼¶¼g¼Æ¾Ç¬ì¤å¦rÃD¡A¦A¨Ñ¦P¾Ç¦^µª¡C
¡@¡@´N¤j¸£¹B§@¹Lµ{¦Ó¨¥¡A§Ú̪í¹Fn¦³¤º®e¡A´N¥²»Ý´x´¤Â×´Iªº¥~¨Ó¸ê°T¡C¾\Ū©M²âÅ¥¬O§l¦¬¥~¦b¸ê°T¡]¿é¤J¡^¡A¦Ó»¡¸Ü¤Î¼g§@«h¬Oªí¹F¸ê°T¡]¿é¥X¡^¡C¿é¤J¨¬°÷¡A¤~¦³¨¬°÷ªº¿é¥X¡]Á¡A1990¡^¡C¦p§â¡u·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@¡vªº¬¡°Ê½d³òÂX®i¡A¦hÅý¾Ç¥Í³q¹L»y¨¥ªí¹F¦Û¤v¡A°µ¨ìŪ¡B¼g¡BÅ¥¡B»¡¥|µ²¦X¡C¨Ò¦p¡A±Ð®v¥i¹ªÀy¾Ç¥Í¦hŪ½Ò¥~®Ñ¡A¨Ã§âŪ«á·P°O¦bÀH¨±aªº¡u·s¥þ»y¤å°O¿ýï¡v¤º¡A¨C¹j¤@¬qµu®É¶¡«K¤½¶}®ÔŪ¡A¸ò¥þ¯Z¦P¾Ç¤À¨É¾\Ū¸gÅç¡C¦Ó¦P¾Ç¹ï®É¨Æ¡B®Õ¤º¨£»Dµ¥¨Æ¥óªº·P·Q¡A¤]¥i¥H°O¦b³o¥»¤l¤º¡A©w®É¤½¶}®ÔŪ¡A¸ò¦P¾Ç¤@¶ô°Q½×¡C³o¨Ç¬¡°Ê¦³§U¾Ç¥ÍÂ×´I¦Û¤vªºª¾ÃÑ®w¡C³o¼Ë¡A¼g§@¤º®e¤]´N¯à§ó¥R¹ê¡A¦ÛµM¤å³¹¤]¼g±o¶¶§Q¡A¼g±o¦h¤F¡]Áµ¥¡A1995¡^¡C
²Ä¤»¸`
¤pµ²
¡@¡@¥þ»y¤å±Ð¾Çªk¦b¬ü°ê¥[¦{±À¦æ¤§«á¡A´¶¹M»{¬°ÁÙ¦³»Ýn§ïµ½ªº¦a¤è¡A¥Dn¬O¦]¬°¨S¦³±Ð«÷µ¡A¾ÉP¾Ç¥Í¦ê¦rªº·Ç½T¯à¤O¤£¤Ó²z·Q¡]Blemenfield,
1996¡^
¡@¡@³o±¡ªp¤£·|¦b»´äµo¥Í¡A¦]¬°¤¤¤å¬Oªí·N¤å¦r¡A^¤å¬O«÷µ¤å¦r¡A©Ò¥H»´äªº»y¤å¾Ç²ß»P¬ü°ê¥[¦{ªº±¡ªp¤£¦P¡]Á¿üª÷¡A1997¡^¡C¥»³¹¤¶²Ðªººî¦X°ª®Ä¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk(«eºÙ·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Ç)¡Aºc«ä¨Ó¦Û^°êªº°ê®a¼g§@p¹º¡A¨Ã¸g¹L»´ä»y¤å±Ð¨|¤u§@ªÌ¹êÅç©M§ï¨}¡A¬O¾A¦X¥»´ä±Ð¾ÇÀô¹Òªº¡C¹êÅç¤]ÃÒ©ú¡A¦b¸ÕÅ窺¾Ç®Õ¡A±Ð¾Ç®ÄªG¨}¦n¡]Á¡A1997¡^¡C
¡@¡@ºî¦X°ª®Ä¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk(«eºÙ·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Ç)³Ì¤jªº¦n³B¡A¬OÅý¾Ç¥Í¦b²@µLÀ£¤Oªº±¡ªp¤U¼g§@¡A¯à«Ø¥ß¾Ç¥Íªº¼g§@«H¤ß¡C¯S§O¬O¹ªÀy¥L̪í¹F¯u¹êªº¤º¤ß·Qªk¡A»P¯u¹ê¦s¦bªºÅªªÌ¥H¤å¦r¥æ¬y·¾³q¡A¦P®É¤]¹ªÀy¥L̳q¹L¤å¦r¨Ó¾Ç²ß¨ä¥L¾Ç¬ì¡AÅý¾Ç¥Í¯u¤Á·P¨ü¨ì¼g§@¤£¥u¬OÀ³¥I±Ð®vªº¨Æ±¡¡A¦Ó¬O¸ò¥L̪º¥Í¬¡©M¾Ç²ß®§®§¬ÛÃö¡C
¡@¡@¦¹¥~¡Aºî¦X°ª®Ä¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk(«eºÙ·s¥þ»y¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Ç)±j½Õ®aªø°Ñ»P¡A»P¾Ç¥Í¤À¨É§@«~¡Aµ¹¤©·N¨£©MªÖ©w¡C¦b³oÓ¹Lµ{ùØ¡A¦³§U§ïµ½®aªø»P¤l¤kªºÃö«Y¡A¥ç¦³§U´£¤É¾Ç¥Íªº¾Ç·~ªí²{¡C
°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm
Cutting, B. (1992). Getting Started
in Whole Language. New Zealand: Wendy Pye Ltd.
Froese, V. (1991). Whole Language
Practice and Theory. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Froese, V. (1996). Whole-Language:
Practice and Theory. (2nd ed.). U.S.A.:
Allyn and Bacon.
Goodman, K. (1973). On the psychololinguistic
method of teaching reading. In F. Smith, (Ed.), Psycholinguistics
and Reading. New York: Holt, Reinehalt & Winston.
Horner, S. (1987). Thinking, learning,
writing. In School Curriculum Development Committee,
The National Writing Project Occasional Paper-Two.
U. K.: School Curriculum Development Committee.
National Curriculum Council. (1989a).
Audiences for Writing. In National Curriculum Council
, The National Writing Project. Edinburgh: Nelson
National Curriculum Council. (1989b).
Responding to and Assessing Writing. In National
Curriculum Council, The National Writing Project.
Edinburgh: Nelson.
National Curriculum Council. (1989c).
Writing and Learning. In National Curriculum Council,
The National Writing Project. Edinburgh: Nelson.
National Curriculum Council. (1989d).
Writing Partnerships (I): Home, School and Community.
In National Curriculum Council, The National
Writing Project. Edinburgh: Nelson.
National Curriculum Council. (1990a).
Perception of Writing. In National Curriculum
Council, The National Writing Project. Edinburgh:
Nelson.
National Curriculum Council. (1990b).
Ways of Looking Issues from the National Writing Project.
In National Curriculum Council, The National Writing
Project. Edinburgh: Nelson
School Curriculum Development Committee.
(1987a). A Writing Community. In National Curriculum
Council, The National Writing Project Occasional
Paper - One. Edinburgh: Nelson.
School Curriculum Development Committee.
(1987b). Objective for Language Learning, In National
Curriculum Council, The National Writing Project
Occasional Paper - Five. Edinburgh: Nelson.
School Curriculum Development Committee.
(1987c). The Book Marking Project, In National Curriculum
Council, The National Writing Project Occasional
Paper - Four. Edinburgh: Nelson.
School Curriculum Development Committee.
(1987d). Ways of Looking at Children¡¦s Writing. In
National Curriculum Council, The National Writing
Project Occasional Paper- Eight. Edinburgh: Nelson.
School Curriculum Development Committee.
(1987e). Writing and Work. In National Curriculum
Council, The National Writing Project Occasional
Paper- Three. Edinburgh: Nelson.
School Curriculum Development Committee.
(1987f). Writing Development the Early Year. In National
Curriculum Council, The National Writing Project
Occasional Paper- Six. Edinburgh: Nelson.
School Curriculum Development Committee.
(1987g, 1988). About Writing. The National Writing
Project Newsletter, No.7, No.8, No.9.
Tayer, D. & Pauling, J. (1989).
Not Another Book about Parents and Reading and
Writing. Hong Kong: Scaffold Press.
Weaver, C. (1990). Understanding
Whole Language. Portsmouth: Heinemann Educational
Books Inc.
Yellin, D. & Blake, B. E. (1994).
Integrating the Language Arts: A Holistic Approach.
U.S.A.: HarperCollins College Publishers.
¾G¬L©ú¡]1993¡^¡C»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç¡A¶354¡C¥x¥_¡G®Û«a¹Ï®ÑªÑ¥÷¦³¤½¥q¡C
¿ü¿üª÷¡BÃö¤§^¡B¾HÁ¨¥ý¡BÁ£»ñ»ï¡]1994¡^¡C¤p¾Ç¤¤¤å¼g§@±Ð¾Çªk ¡X¡X
¥þ»y¤å§@±Ð¾Ç¡C±Ð¨|ÀÆ¥ú¡A²Ä35´Á¡A¶48-58¡C»´ä¡G»´ä±Ð®v·|¡C
Á¿üª÷¡]1990¡^¡C»y¤å¯à¤Oªº°ö¾i¡C½Òµ{½×¾Â¡A²Ä¤@´Á¡A¶25-26¡C»´ä¡G»´ä¤j¾Ç½Òµ{¾Ç¨t¡C
Á¿üª÷¡]1990¡^¡C¼g§@«äºû¹Lµ{¡G¿é¤J©M¥X¡C²{¥N±Ð¨|³q°T¡A¶12-15¡C
Á¿üª÷¡]1997¡^¡C¦Aª©«á°O¡C¨£Á¿üª÷¥D½s¡A¾\Ū»P¼g§@ ¡X¡X²z½×»P¹ê½î¡A¶232¡C»´ä¡G«C¥Ð±Ð¨|¤¤¤ß¡C
Á¿üª÷¡B§Â°¶©v¡]1995¡^¡C¦p¦óÀ°§U¸f»y¨àµ£¾Ç²ß²{¥Nº~»y®Ñ±»y¡C¨£Á¿üª÷¥D½s¡A¾\Ū»P¼g§@
¡X¡X²z½×»P¹ê½î¡A¶67-76¡C»´ä¡G«C¥Ð±Ð¨|¤¤¤ß¡C
Á¿üª÷¡B³\¶Pº_s¡]1993¡^¡C»´ä¤p¾Ç¥Í´£«e¼g§@ªº¬ã¨s¡C±Ð¨|ÀÆ¥ú¡A²Ä34´Á¡A¶28-33¡C»´ä¡G»´ä±Ð®v·|¡C
Á¿üª÷¡BÃö¤§^¡B¾HÁ¨¥ý¡BÁ£»ñ»ï¡]1995¡^¡C¥þ»y¤å¼g§@ªº¹ê½î¤èªk¡C¨£Á¿üª÷¥D½s¡A¾\Ū»P¼g§@
¡X¡X ²z½×»P¹ê½î¡A¶113-126¡C»´ä¡G«C¥Ð±Ð¨|¤¤¤ß¡C
© 2000 Á¿üª÷¡B§Â°¶©v